The printboard has been a common phenomenon since the printing technique was widely used in Song Dynasty, but the previous studies mainly focused on the printboard of government offices and bookhouses. based on the examples of Zhang Chao and combining with the publishing history of Ming and Qing Dynasties, this paper preliminarily reveals the phenomenon of private printout in Qing Dynasty: Printout is an important mode of cooperation between scholars and businessmen, a win-win result of the game between scholars and businessmen, and an important driving force for private copies to enter the market; The important factors for the realization of printboard printing include the place where the book industry is developed, the author of greater fame, the active promotion of scholars, the universality of the private copy, the universality of the communication between scholars and booksellers, and the reluctance of booksellers to make a large number of rigid copies of the printboard, and the importance of the printboard; Lease board printing premises include private, bookshop or lettering shop; The cost of a private tablet should be less than or equal to one tenth of the total selling price of the printed book, and is often offset by the book. The above research can provide a new reference for us to distinguish the private copy from the private copy, and to discuss the print number and dissemination of the private copy.
Zhang Sheng is a professor at the School of History, Beijing Normal University.
Hoarder, the owner of the bookboard. The author refers to the publisher of the book, that is, the person who uses the bookboard to print the book and circulate it. Under normal circumstances, the people who collect the ancient books are often also the Zippers. However, when we read ancient books, sometimes we will see in the cover of the book (also known as the title page) that the Tibetan plate is different from the original traveler, why is this? In addition to a part of the book board sold to the Zijin (however, in this case, the Zijin can actually eliminate the name of the Tibetan board), the vast majority of it should be caused by the printing of the board. Lease board printing refers to a party with board rights in a certain direction to lease board and print books. That is to say, the Tibetan board will be paid to rent the board to the Zijin to print, and the Zijin has the right to print their own name on the cover for advertising purposes. Printboard printing has been a common phenomenon since the widespread application of printing in the Song Dynasty, because the printer can only pay a small amount of money and labor without the large cost and labor of publishing (such as carving plates, etc.) to obtain the book, and the board owner uses the board to seek rent and maximize its surplus value. However, previous studies have shown that the lease board printing is often referred to the board of the government or the book house, and it is more common and more prominent in the book house. So, does private (home) bookboard also exist the phenomenon of lease board printing? How does it work? Is it common? What is the impact? This paper mainly wants to discuss the above issues.
It should be noted that the owner of the board prints books for people for free (no lease fee), which does not belong to the scope of the lease discussed in this article, because in the exchanges of ancient scholars, there are a large number of books that only pay paper and ink money and labor money, and even do not pay any fees to cope with the situation of gift. This is similar to the gifting variant, not the lease board printing. Because of this, the printout of private bookboards was often a commercial activity, reflecting the cooperation between scholars and booksellers. As for the cooperation between scholars and booksellers, in the past, scholars mainly focused on the mode of providing manuscripts, compiling books, and making forewords for booksellers. In fact, I think there is another important (perhaps even more important) mode of cooperation, that is, scholars are private and booksellers are selling books by printing them. The essence of this mode is the cooperation between scholars and businessmen, and it is about the cooperation of private copies. Unless you have to, you will not sell the board to a bookseller (or bookshop). The bookseller (or bookshop) is unlikely to create a new set of bookboards unless there is clearly a high profit return. Therefore, the printboard printing is a win-win result of the game between scholars and businessmen, and is an important driving force for the private copy to enter the market.
01
Academic understanding of the lease board printing
In ancient times, books were relatively valuable commodities and in most cases were not printed in large quantities, but were printed on demand. In other words, the book market often does not always have a full stock for people to choose from. In order to avoid the waste caused by printing, the supply and demand parties will check and balance through the way of leasing board printing, that is, the demand direction of the board right to rent board printing, or ask someone to print on behalf of the board. This situation had already appeared in the Song Dynasty.
Ye Dehui "Shu Lin Qing Hua" volume six "Song Guan this book allows people to print and price for sale" contains: "Southern Song Dynasty engraved Lin Yue" Han Jun ", there is Chun Xi ten years Yang Wang Xiu record, after cloud: "Xiangshan County study" Han Jun "each two volumes, see the sale of six hundred letters. One hundred and sixty pieces of printing paper, two pieces of green paper, 100 pieces of printing board, and 160 pieces of working ink. '... Chun Xi three years, Shu state Minister Kuo carved this state military state and inside the administration to persuade farmers to camp field has been 穜 "big easy words", ultimatum cloud: 'This is a "big easy words" one, two volumes. Counting paper and printing ink. A total of 1,300 pieces of paper, three pieces of green paper, three pieces of green white paper, brown ink paste medicine printing on the back of the craftsmen's food and other money, a total of 500 pieces of paper, a total of two hundred pieces of paper. The library printed, see into the sale, the price of each eight full text. Right as before. Chunxi three months □ day, carved by the division Hu to and with. '... Ming Zhengde Jimao republished Song Qingyuan February monthly "two Jun Anthology", before there is a record cloud: "Two Jun anthology" a total of four volumes. Printing paper a total of 136, book cover table back and secondary pages of a total size of 20, working ink money 180, the board money 186, the back of the work paste money (press, this is out of text). Right as before. February □ day, the printer all the other tools. Ming Ming Ming Ming Ming Ming Ming Ming Ming Ming Ming Song Shaoxing seventeen years engraved King Huang Zhou "small livestock collection" thirty volumes, before recording a cloud: "... This carving "Small animal collection" a total of eight volumes, a total of four hundred and thirty-two editions. At the combined paper and ink rate, the printing paper and the auxiliary board four hundred and forty-eight, the table back one blue paper, eight large paper, a total of two hundred and twenty thousand pieces of paper. The lease board is five hundred yuan, the printer is four hundred and thirty yuan, and in addition to the printing paper, a total of three yuan and three yuan. See the sale, each price across the province. Right as before. July 17, Shaoxing. "It can be seen that the books printed by the local government in the Song Dynasty allow private renting of board printing, but they must pay the board money, such as the specific board money indicated in the book of" Han Jun "and" Dayi Zuoyan ".
At present, we have not found the record of the amount of money on the Yuan charter board, but we can find the materials of the Yuan book demanders who went to the official collection board organization to print books. For example, in the five years from the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty (1339), Xie Yingfang printed the Seventeen Histories, which received the title of "the Central banknote title: Zhao Shilu, Xiao Zhaoqing, Wang Boxiang, Wang Zifang, Wang Zhongde, 100 each; Ge Yongzhong, Wang Junshou, Taoist Tang Yunran, 50 each; Qi Chenwai, Xiao Zizhang, Jin Junyu, 25 each; and Sangxiu Yulin, 20 each. The life of nephew son-in-law Zhou Mingju attest to the collection of Qing Road, dry to friends Chen Xuexin buy paper, Confucian internal printing, a total of 460 books, the use of decoration materials workers and other expenses of 200." Some scholars believe that "in the Song generation, the government allowed scholars to receive paper and ink money for self-printing, and also sold at a price." Yuan Dynasty followed this example ", and pointed out: "From the existing historical records, at that time, people mostly adopted the way of renting the book board with paper and ink money to obtain the books they needed, and the paper board money was often seen in the relevant records." At that time, the reason why people printed their own books instead of buying books according to price should be related to the characteristics of the carved books and the Song and Yuan book market. Song and Yuan Dynasties were the period when block printing was popularized and the block book market took shape. The engraving book has the characteristics of long printing life and printing on demand, and the periodical seller can control the number of books printed and sold, and its output is flexible. In the book market of Song and Yuan Dynasty, the supply of engraved books has great price elasticity, most of the demand is insufficient, and the price is too high, which makes the periodical sellers can sell their products in parallel with the self-printing of the lease board, while the buyers can choose the alternative way of self-printing on the lease board to obtain the engraved books they need cheaply. Self-printing is a product of certain market conditions for books.
The above is in terms of official engravings, as for Fang engravings, the situation in the Song Dynasty is not very clear, and the Yuan Dynasty is roughly the same as the Ming Dynasty, there is also a lease board printing. Interstudio rentals were so common at the time that even far-away bookshops could cooperate. Jia Jinzhu's book "Printing for Profit: Commercial Publishers in Jianyang, Fujian from the 11th Century to the 17th Century" believes that in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the editions of Jianyang publishers were sometimes transferred from one publisher to another in the form of buying or borrowing, and even traveled thousands of miles. After all, it was not easy to transport the plates over long distances, so Jia added in a later note: "It is not certain whether the plates were ever moved between the two places, because the part of the plate with the book's edition can be easily excavated and altered, and each publisher can print its own 'edition' in the same place." This actually refers to the lease board printing. Jia puts it more clearly later: "Although competition among bookhouses is fierce, and nearly identical editions of the same work are often printed almost simultaneously, once a set of editions is engraved, it can be lent to anyone who wishes to print it." This would explain why there are two or more different names for a book." It is pointed out that bookshops share the book plate, the printer will change their own card.
The aforementioned Jia Jinzhu's book "Printing for Profit: Commercial Publishers in Jianyang, Fujian Province in the 11th to 17th Centuries" mainly discusses the book shop before the 17th century (before the early Qing Dynasty), while Bao Yunya's "Cultural Trade: Book Trade in Sibao from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China" mainly discusses the book shop from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. Relatively speaking, Bao Yunya's research on the lease board is more detailed and in-depth: "A book shop can rent and buy engraving from other book shops." If it is rented, you need to keep the name of the original bookstore; If it is purchased, you can use your own bookstore name instead of the original bookstore name. Of course, unless it is in a difficult situation and in urgent need of funds, it is generally not easy to sell engravings, but will use rental or equivalent exchange. This is because engraving is the single largest investment in book publishing." This point of view is very valuable, and helps us to understand: how to judge whether the book board is rented or sold by whether the original collector has left a name on the cover; Rental boards are more common than buyout boards. In addition, Bao Yunya also provided two rental price lists. Although she believes that according to the two tables it is difficult to sum up the general rules of rental prices, but at least it can explain the universality of the book store rent, and clearly indicate the price.
The Cultural Revolution Red mainly focused on the publishing of novels in the bookshop before the Qianjia period in the Qing Dynasty, and its research results also show that the printing-board of the bookshop in the Qing Dynasty is very common, which involves more novels and medical books. She pointed out: "Another big feature of Guangzhou bookstore is a pair of bookboards, which are shared by many bookshops, which means that the phenomenon of transferring board, renting board and wholesale management has increased." Cultural Revolution red also clearly pointed out: "All books by one Tibetan plate and by another Zixing, are published by one and printed by another", often in the title page of popular novels appear at the same time "×× Tibetan plate" and "×× Zixing", is the plate owner and brush printing, distribution of different signs. It can be seen that the Tibetan plate of the book is different from the original, and this situation is mostly caused by the lease board, because the original in addition to the expression of engraving, there is also the meaning of issuance. If it is only engraved, it is not necessary to mark the Zixing. If the Tibetan board is a bookshop, it will not publicize each other (Zijin) in this way. Therefore, the original bank should assume the meaning of the issue, that is, the printing board.
Zhao Yi's "(click on the title to view the article) has a profound revelation of the Ming and Qing printing-board printing:" In the Ming and Qing dynasties, paying 'board head money' to brush printing became one of the normal publishing of books, which is a typical manifestation of this division of labor. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the engravings of books by the inner government, temples, and academies often became some kind of public resources, which were allowed to be printed by bookstores or individuals at a fee. Typical examples are the "Yongle Nanzang" book edition in the Nanjing Dafuan En Temple in the Ming Dynasty, the "Yongle Nanzang" book edition in the Qingnei Government, and the "Emperor Qing Jing Interpretation" engraved by Ruan Yuan Xuehai Tang in the Qing Dynasty." However, the main purpose of this paper is to reveal the rationality and universality of binding in publishing, and to provide new ideas for solving the complicated edition problem of popular novels (mainly reflected in the inconsistency of the name of the publisher in the book), and mainly focuses on the printing, especially the publication of popular novels, and does not discuss the private printboard printing.
The above research shows that: First, although the specific operational details are not very clear, from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, there has been a lot of printout of official engraving and Fang engraving, and relatively speaking, the printout of Fang engraving became more and more common; Second, some books on the cover of the board is different from the original, in addition to some are caused by the purchase of copyright, most should be caused by the printing of the board. However, the above studies mainly focus on official engraving and square engraving, so the following will take the Qing Dynasty as an example to talk about the private printing phenomenon.
02
Private printout of the Qing Dynasty
There are many private engravings in Qing Dynasty, but there are not many records about private printing-board printing.
Zhang Chao and Wang 晫
Zhang Chao's identity is rather special, his book engraving belongs to private engraving or Fang engraving debate, and the author tends to be private engraving. Zhang Chao himself has clearly said: "So the payment of pears, but also because of friends asked to see more, talk about the record of substituting notes, so as to positive cloud ear, the beginning of non profit also." What the Lord says is a great profit, but what the servant steals is a great profit. In recent years, most of the square Jia fold, good by the purchase of books less, borrow more. The wind of Bamin is like that of Liqiu day. ... I am not a player, nor am I a man, and I do not know where I can earn such a great profit." He believes that he does not belong to the "Fang people", and the book is not for profit.
In book publishing, Zhang Chao is mainly responsible for compiling books, also taking into account stereotypes, and then looking for people to exchange. Chen Ding wrote to Zhang Chao: "When I was living in poverty, I suddenly took over teaching, and I got a lot of books, enough to comfort people." ... The cover of the book has been heard, the former prince Pang brought two to, because of lack of food, send Bao Han floor, one silver six money three points, one silver four money eight, cover Jinling famous people have coveted this book for a long time, so the brother has twenty or thirty of the line also. The people of this house are too poor to print it, and when the book arrives in October, there will be a stampede for it, and the town will encourage it." It can be seen that Zhang Chao's strategy is to distribute the cover to book houses for advertising, to attract book houses to brush and print, rather than print books and then distribute them to book houses for sale. Zhang Chao "send more than a light heart to the king" cloud: "Yu Chu" clumsy selection of light "Wang Cuiqiao biography", I first with eight volumes into a book, listen to Fang people, want to buy next spring Wumen can also." The so-called "listening to people" also means waiting for people to print, rather than printing books for people to sell. In this sense, the issue is actually referring to the book shop printing board. As for Zhang Chao "sending Wang Danlu" cloud: "It (refers to the" Danji series ") before the "Zhaodai series", there are quite a lot of buyers, there is a fang Jia near Yangzhou, pay and plate, it seems to be assured that it can be issued in the future." It is known that the bookboard can also be stored in the bookshop to facilitate its printing.
Of course, Zhang Chao will also print a batch of books himself, for entertainment and publicity, and even for sale. However, large volumes of sales still rely on the bookshop to print on the board, especially the series of books such as large books. For example, Zhang Chao first printed a part of the "Danji Series" and sold it in the workshop, and gave some to Chen Dingjiu, and then said: "The selected series of books, only more than 20 printed, sent to the workshop to catch up with the examination, there is not much." Today, we are sending "Danji Series First collection" five, "Zhaodai Series" five, "Youmengying" four, and "Kai Xuan Poetry", to the day to check in. There is only one book that has ever been requested, and two or three are enough, and Mr. Today is asking for ten or twenty books each, not to worry about people's strange greed and cool comments after it. Smile. Attach several covers, bother to pay the book shop paste in the premises, if you want to get the book, listen to its buy paper to print. As for the plate head, it can be made lighter, but only one more is enough." Zhang Chao this gift book is actually entrusted, that is, let Chen Dingjiu help to sell the book house. Board head (money), that is, refers to the board money, such as Zhang Chao "send Dai Tian you" also cloud: "there are several kinds of attached to the Taiwan government, if there are people in the province who want to print, listen to the printing, the board head from the ear."
Wang 晫's book publishing operation mode is similar to Zhang Chao's, and there are more cooperation between them. Wang 晫 "Xiajutang Collection" is one of the examples of the printing board at that time. Qing Dynasty Kangxi engraved "Xia Jutang collection" is Wang 晫 home engraved, the book inside the text of the book has the name of Wang 晫 study "Xia Jutang", but the cover has "also read Zhai Zi" words. Huanshu Zhai is the name of the bookshop of Hangzhou bookseller Wang Qi. Apparently, this book was carved by Xiajutang, but it was printed and sold by the board of Still Reading.
Zhao Yi
Zhao Yi "book Jia Shi Chaoying every year on my brush printed" Oubei poetry notes "" surplus Cong" "twenty-two history notes" "ten poems" and other hundreds of books with a smile "poetry cloud:" and the condensation plate this early carving 锼, but was sold by tu asking for price. A mouse's raw material is not three times, a chicken's forest can be a hundred gold. Qi fen Wan committee book hole, air pressure hemp sand peddling boat. I have done it for his sake, and everyone will be ashamed." Poetry is about: the five generations and the book engraved from the book is divided into everyone, and I Zhao Yi engraved book is the same (and already engraved, stored in the board at home), did not want to sell, but was paid by the bookseller (Tu Gu) to brush printing (which shows that the bookseller is out of the board money) for sale. My book is not very good (rat Pu, self-deprecating words) and should not have a high return on sales profit. But the books seem to be doing well in the market, selling better than the average bestseller. Anyway, for fame and fortune, me and the bookseller have their own plans, so that you can see the dignities.
Zhao Yi's poem, though somewhat playful in nature, does a good job of revealing the common mode of cooperation between scholars and booksellers at that time - the boardprinting and the motivation behind this mode (one for fame, the other for profit). Shi Chaoying should be a well-known bookseller in Huzhou, and is a family bookseller. Hong Liangji's "Beijiang Poetry" the so-called "plundering and peddling family" Shi Hanying, may be Shi Chaoying's brother generation, and Zhao Yi also had dealings: "I returned to the surplus in the beginning, I would like to dissipate Yongri borrow reciting. Where hast thou heard the news? The ship is heavy with ancient books. When I have money I want books, when you have books you want money. When I see the two misfortunes, I want to pay a high price. Although you are sold out, the rack is also full of 10,000. I am too lazy to attend school and have little money. You are like a collector, but when you bundle it, it sits empty." Zhao Yi was quite famous for poetry at that time, and Shi Chaoying obviously took a fancy to Zhao Yi's fame, and would take the initiative to participate in the sale of Zhao's works. As a result, with the support of booksellers like Shi, Zhao Yi's books were able to sell well (hundreds of copies a year are quite a lot for a private book), and his reputation grew. This reputation would further encourage booksellers to print his work. It can be said that this is a win-win cooperation model between scholars and booksellers.
CAI Xian
CAI Xian, character Jingzhen, name Xianyu, Songjiang County, Jiangsu Province, Songjiang County (now Songjiang County, Shanghai), Yongzheng seventh year (1729), to open the museum to teach students as a career, the author of "Xianyu Xianxi", "Xiangshang Xianyu manuscript", "Xianyu leftover manuscript", "Old fish still grass", "Continuation of the red Jiao poem" and so on. Among them, "Idle Fishing idle idle Record", a total of nine volumes, is a witness and news notes, the contents of the complex, or record people, or record events, or record poetry, there are comments, there is a certain historical value. Its information sources, some from the experience, some from the book, some from the hearsay. In the thirty-second year of Qianlong (1767), after the book was engraved, Wu Jianqian, a bookseller in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, prepared his own paper and printed one hundred and twenty of them, leaving twenty to CAI Xian to offset the price of the plate, and taking one hundred of them with him. It can be seen that Wu Jianqian, a bookseller in Huzhou, obtained one hundred copies of "Idle Fishing Idle Idle Record" through the way of printing on the lease board.
These three examples, though relatively few, have something in common. based on this, the author tries to analyze the general manifestation and characteristics of private book printing in Qing Dynasty with reference to other related materials.
First, what kind of bookboard is printed on a plantboard?
Li Luyuan "cross road light", Tan Shao Wen said: "Now in the city, there are hidden the first floor of the printing board home." "Whose house is it?" he observed. Shao Wen said: "It is Sheng Fantai's home." He observed, "What title? Is it printed and given away, is it sold?" This paper reveals the main uses of private books in the Ming and Qing dynasties: giving and selling. Of course, the relationship between the two is not one or the other, and sometimes they can be combined, that is, they can be given away and sold. This was the case in the three cases mentioned above.
Some of Zhang's books were given as gifts, while others were sold by contacting booksellers. As mentioned above, Zhang Chao has a certain nature of booksellers, editing and carving books, has a long-term cooperation with booksellers, and is familiar with the way of operation, so although he claims to seek no profit, he is actually seeking both fame and profit. Therefore, on the one hand, Zhang Chao gave the edited books to a large number of people (mainly for publicity and expansion of influence), and on the other hand, he sent the covers of these books to various bookstores, so that the bookstores could lease and print them. Zhang Chao pays special attention to the combination of the two, that is, at the same time of giving the recipient to send the cover to the book house, or to promote the book house. The way of its operation can be summarized as: to promote the sale of the name of the donor (lease brush printing); To put its name on sale (printing on the board) to further promote the solicitation, publicity and sale. This operation mode of book publishing, which seeks both fame and profit, was widely adopted in the lower Jiangnan literati of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as the aforementioned Wang 晫. Relatively speaking, Zhang Chao may be more concerned about seeking fame, so its profit is not much. In other words, in terms of seeking fame, Zhang Chao is successful; But in terms of profit, it is not a success.
CAI Xian's "Idle Fishing Idle Idle Record" is also given to others and sold. From the "Qing Dynasty Literary and Literary Archives", "Idle fishing idle Record" seems not to have been printed immediately after being engraved into the book board, and the first print is the 120 printed by Wu Jianqian, a bookseller in Huzhou. CAI Hsien is not a well-known person, and his other works do not seem to be favored by booksellers, so CAI Hsien is likely to take the initiative to contact booksellers to negotiate the matter of brush printing, and finally negotiate a fee for printing twenty books on the board. In this way, CAI Xian can be printed into a book, without spending money, and can be named (one hundred books can be sold, twenty books can be given away), which is more suitable for scholars with limited financial resources like him. Huzhou bookseller Wu Jianqian, of course, also has his own considerations, that the book may have a certain market, and the cost of renting the board is not much. In fact, Wu's one hundred copies of "Idle Fishing Idle Record" printed in March of the 32nd year of Qianlong, by June when the literary prison crime was only 45 copies, should have sold 55 copies, it can be seen that this book is also a good sale.
Zhao Yi's works were also given away and sold. At that time, Zhao Yi was well-known and had great financial resources, so he was able to attract the attention of booksellers. Zhao Yi usually has a lot of contacts with booksellers, and Shi Shi is a bookseller who often sells books to him, so he can know his writings. From its long-term dealings with booksellers Shi Chaoying and Shi Hanying, the cooperation between the two sides is a natural thing.
Some commonalities of private printing-board printing can be seen from the above three cases. First of all, the book industry developed. Zhang Chao was born in Huizhou and lived in Yangzhou for a long time. Wang 晫 is from Hangzhou; CAI Xian is from Huating County; Zhao Yi is a native of Yanghu County, Changzhou Prefecture. These places belong to the broad sense of Jiangnan. Since the Song Dynasty, Jiangnan has been a well-developed place for book industry, with many booksellers. Scholars usually have a lot of contacts with booksellers, and must understand the operation of the lease board printing. These are places where printing is common and widely accepted. Second, the more famous authors. Since the best-selling of the book itself is difficult to determine, and it is difficult to infer whether it is best-selling from the content and other aspects, the fame of the author has become an important factor in the decision of the bookseller whether to print the board. For example, Zhao Yi was quite famous for poetry at that time, and Zhang Chao (Zi Shanlai) was also well-known in the book market at that time, as he himself mentioned: "... Tide is known as a thin name, the world is known to Beijing square guest willing to, if the change to Zhang Shanlai three words, is bound to be very different from before." Relatively speaking, CAI Xian's fame is relatively small, but he also has a certain talent, and he wrote quite a lot. Finally, scholars are often the more active parties in the cooperation between the leasing board printing taxi operators. That is to say, generally initiated by scholars, take the initiative to contact the bookseller, seeking the printing board. For example, Zhang Chao took the initiative to contact the book house many times and distributed the cover for publicity. It is also very likely that CAI Xian actively contacted the bookseller to print. As for Zhao Yi, although he has a higher status and fame, he is likely to take the initiative to contact the bookseller, because as he said in the "compilation of poems" : "The old manuscripts are composed by the left hand, and the daughter's broom is strong." Poor sell it on the street, no one pays a penny every day." He had a hard time selling his work. In fact, we can understand this very well from common sense. Through the printing of the printing board, scholars can obtain both fame and profit, drought and flood guaranteed harvest. However, the only goal of booksellers is to pursue profits, and the lease board printing is a risky measure, so the booksellers can only protect their own interests by lowering or even defaulting on the lease board money (Zhang Chao's example is mentioned below). For example, the most important collection in the private edition is the collection, and the collection for sale is sometimes even below cost. In this case, the author's profit from the printing is limited, but more for the sake of fame. In order to reach cooperation, scholars may make more concessions.
Of course, we do not rule out special circumstances such as the willingness of booksellers to take risks to publish new works, but the above three points should be an important factor in achieving the printout. With all three, the likelihood of printing is greater. If only one is available, it is also possible to lease. If all three are absent, it is difficult to have the opportunity to print. Booksellers can print more than 100 copies of such an ordinary book as "Idle Fishing Idle Book", which shows that there are indeed more opportunities for printing in the Gangnam area. Therefore, under the background of numerous writings and private engravings in Jiangnan in the Qing Dynasty, we can assume that many of them may have had the experience of printing-board. This will have some enlightening significance for us to study the edition, print number and dissemination of Jiangnan private books in Qing Dynasty.
Second, the lease board printing premises.
Private bookboards were originally printed in private, so they were often hidden in private, and their brush prints were often in private. Such is the case of Zhao Yi and CAI Xian. However, later, there were more and more cases of private writings being engraved in the bookshop or lettering shop, so that it would appear: the bookboard would be stored in the bookshop or lettering shop; The tablet was returned to private storage. For example, Zhang Chao's bookboards are both in his own house and in his bookstore. The printing space of these bookboards will of course be different. Moreover, even if the board is private, it is sometimes shipped to another place (such as a bookstore or lettering shop) for printing. Therefore, it is necessary for us to discuss the printing premises of the printing board.
First, the private brush.
In private brush printing should be a more common situation, because the bookboard is mostly stored in private. Because scholars attach great importance to the Tibetan plate, even if the book board is engraved in the field, they will find ways to transport the book board back to their own properly for preservation. The list goes on and on. For example, Tao Xuan, a native of Changsha, Hunan Province, engraved "Poems of the State Dynasty" in the south of the Yangtze River in the sixtyth year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1721), and then took the bookboards back to his hometown and stacked them in the mill. During the Qianlong period, Gao Gang, the governor of Shaoguan, funded Shen Weicai, his curtain guest, to print "Wedding Clothes Collection", and then transported the book board from Shaoguan to his home in Tianjin for preservation. In the 38th year of Qianlong (1773), the Shanxi inspector led Huang Jian to print a book for his father Huang Tinggui in Taiyuan, and send the sticks to his hometown in Zhuozhou for preservation in the 39th year of Qianlong: "After 20 copies of all the magazines have been printed in a moment, I will take them to the Zhuozhou slave's old house for storage." Therefore, in the private brush printing should be hired brush printing in most cases, because this saves the trouble of transporting the board back and forth. In addition, in the private brush printing, it is also convenient for the board owner to control the print number, supervise the operation to avoid damage to the board, and so on.
Secondly, in the bookstore or lettering spread brush printing.
This can be divided into two categories:
A. The bookboard is originally engraved by the bookshop or lettering shop, and stored in the bookshop or lettering shop. As mentioned earlier, some bookshops or lettering shops engraved bookboards, private people often will ship them back to their own homes. However, sometimes due to some special circumstances (such as inconvenient transportation or other reasons), these bookboards will also be temporarily stored in the bookshop or lettering shop, and their ownership is still private. For example, there are many books engraved by Zhang Chao, and the book boards are both engraved by themselves and engraved by others, such as Zhang Zhaoxuan to Zhang Chao Shuyun: "Before I took over the teaching, the" Three-character Classic "has been given to the Zi, and now I am printing twenty volumes." If you still need some copies, please brush them and post them to us. Its board listen to portable, or engraved home printing and selling, always listen to respect." This "Three-character Classic" plate should be Zhang's, but at that time it was stored in the sculptor, Zhang Chao decided whether to lease the plate brush printing.
B. Shipped to the bookstore or lettering shop printing. For example, Zhang Chao "and Zhang Zisang" cloud: "That is, such as Daibao floor Wang Yuanchen collar plate printing sell... Wang Yuanchen owes board head money do not know a few." Apparently, the book board of Zhang Chao was printed by the book shop Daibao Floor. Another example, Zhang Chao "sent Wang Danlu" cloud: "It (refers to the" Danji series ") and the "Zhaodai series", smell the door quite a lot of buyers. There is a square near Yangzhou, and you can rest assured that you can exchange it in the future." If the book is only to be sold as an offer, then why pay with the bookboard? It can be seen that this transfer is a lease board printing.
The sheet is large, heavy, inconvenient for long-distance transportation, and prone to damage and loss, so if the book board is not originally stored in the book or lettering shop, private people are often reluctant to ship it to the book or lettering shop to brush printing. Moreover, if the board is printed in the bookstore or lettering, the board owner is not able to monitor its print number. Therefore, a private engraving board is printed in a bookshop or lettering shop, or the bookboard has been deposited in the bookshop or lettering shop, or the bookboard is stored not far from the bookshop or lettering shop. From this point of view, the lease board printing generally does not transport the board long distances.
Third, lease board money.
Board money, also known as board money (silver), board rent silver, is the price of leasing board. The main factors affecting the cost of the board are the price of the board, the number of prints and the profit. Although there are some references to Bantou money in the literature of the Qing Dynasty, they are all vague, and it is difficult for us to generalize the standard of Bantou money. Moreover, the payment methods of board money are often more flexible, including money payment, book payment, and other payments in kind. Of course, there are also cases of delinquency or even non-payment of board money.
Before discussing private printboard money, let's look at official printboard money and Fang printboard money.
According to the information quoted in "Hanjun", "Dayi Zuoyan" and "Xiaozaoji", the "Hanjun" lease board cost 100 articles, the book price is 600 articles, the lease board cost is equivalent to 16 percent of the book price; "Da Yi Suiyan" the lease board money is two hundred full text, the book price is eight full text, the lease board money is equivalent to fifteen percent of the book price; "Small Livestock Collection" lease board cost 384 words, book price (equivalent to 3850 words), the lease board cost is equivalent to 10% of the book price. According to the above three cases, it can be inferred that the official charter board in the early Southern Song Dynasty accounts for about 13 percent of the book price. Seven. Moreover, this is the cost of each book printed. At present, it is not clear how much money was paid by officials in Ming and Qing dynasties. For example, Xuehaitang Academy with the nature of government regulations: Xuehaitang "Imperial Qing Jing Interpretation" book board, "each brush, pay board rent one or two silver"; Each printing of the "interpretation of the scriptures" is mostly one section (60 sections), and less is half a section (30 sections); In the Xuehaitang Library (Wenlan Pavilion), the board owner is responsible for printing. Judging from the length of the Interpretation of the Bible, which consists of 1,400 volumes, this board is relatively low.
Comparatively speaking, the leasing cost of a square engraving board should be higher because booksellers will seek to maximize their profits. Before the Qing Dynasty, the situation of renting board money was not clear. There are a little more relevant materials in the Qing Dynasty, and we can try to examine the approximate standard of the money at that time. For example, Zhang Chao to Chen Ding nine book cloud: "Attach a cover of several, bother to pay the book shop paste in the premises, if you want to get the book, listen to its buy paper to print." As for the plate head, it can be made lighter, but only one more is enough." Plus one, also known as plus one point or one tenth, that is, one tenth is drawn from the printed book as board money. Zhang Chao is familiar with the way of book printing, and the "board head can be lighter" should be for the rental price of the book, so the rental price of the book will be higher than one-tenth of the total price of the printed book. Another example is the Guangxu engraving "Gongchen Bridge Zhuzhi Ci" engraved with red wood: "Each part takes two jiao. Use the brush print, take 30%. The board saves the front wen Yuan Zhai of the courtyard." It is known that Munwon-Jae (Hall) paid three-tenths of the total number of books printed. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, Zou Buchan (Zou Wanshi) wrote in the property division of the Daoguang period: "Your brother (room) can rent any Sutras, without the same brush printing, nor can sell; If the miscellaneous book board (refers to the book board other than the history) listens to its willingness and reluctance, renting the seal interferes with my business, and rents one out of ten of the board of renting the seal. If a stranger and his relatives do not rent a seal, everyone should follow the rules of the house." One out of ten is used as the lease fee, which is lower than the normal rental price because of the brotherly relationship. If it is an outsider's lease board printing, it should be higher than this rental price. Bao Yunya provides two Fujian four fort book room rent version price list, which is equivalent to the high rental price of twenty-five books, low equivalent to the price of a book. If you take the middle value, the rental price is equivalent to the selling price of about ten books. Obviously, the price of a private lease will indeed be higher than that of a private lease, but it is also within a reasonable range. Of course, there is no print number indicated here, in the end, after renting can not limit the print number, or there is a certain limit, it is not clear. He Zhaohui believes that the printing volume of a single brush of ancient bookboards is generally between dozens and hundreds of pieces. Jia Jinzhu believes that the actual print number is between 20 and 200. The results are roughly the same. Considering that the latter is mainly concerned with Fujian Jianyang Bookstore, the conclusion of the latter may be more suitable as a reference for the number of printboards in Fujian Sibao Bookstore. Moreover, the leasing board comes from the book shop, and the rental board is often not a particularly bestselling book, because it is worried that the sales will not be easily printed, and the rental board of the book shop owner is worried about damage to the book board, and will control the print amount. As a result, a single print run of the board will not approach or reach the maximum number of a single print run of the board, which may be between 20 and 100. The printing number of the rental board of the aforementioned Xuehai Hall is 30-60, which can also confirm this point to a certain extent. In this way, the price of the lease board provided by the aforementioned Bao Yunya is more than one-tenth of the total sale price of the printed book.
The printing volume of private bookboards is not large, and the main purpose is not to pursue profit, so the cost of renting a bookboard is certainly not as high as that of renting a bookboard. It can also be said that the highest private lease price will not exceed the private lease price. According to Zhang Chao, the cost of private printing should be less than or equal to one-tenth of the total selling price of the printed book, and it is often offset by the book. I think there is some validity to this reasoning, because:
A. It was A common practice for private printing-board printing in Qing Dynasty to use books to pay for the printing-board. In addition to the previous examples such as Zhang Chao, Li Luyuan's "Cross Road Lamp" also recorded that the observation wanted Sheng Xi Qiao to print his home collection board again, saying: "The volume is volumous, and it is also afraid that the paper price will be expensive for a time, and the power will not be given." about 30 pieces of a board can be brushed and printed, otherwise the brush ink is not easy to move. The students send the printing price to the government, wait for the craftsmen to finish the work, only ten units, will be a lot of benefit." A total of thirty copies were printed, ten of which were to be taken for themselves, and twenty of which were to be left with Sheng's, which would be considered as a lease. There are three advantages to substituting books for this. First of all, easy to operate. No matter how many books are printed, they can be drawn proportionally, more printing and more pumping, less printing and less pumping, which is reasonable for both sides. Second, it's hard to determine the cost of a private cut. It can also be said that the board money is not easy to convert into cash to pay. The aforementioned Song Dynasty official engravings, Fang engravings, etc., these books are for sale, and the price has been set in advance, so it is more convenient to convert the lease board money into cash. The two rental price lists provided by Bao Yunya mentioned above are money rather than books, which also indicates that the books sold by the book shop have a clear price. A private book is not for sale, it is neither priced nor easily priced, and, if it is priced, it may often be determined by the bookseller of the board. Rather than this, of course, the board owner thinks it is better to book money. In the end, it was acceptable to both sides. Book payment is more acceptable to renters, who do not know whether the lease will be profitable. For the board owners who do not pursue profit as the main choice, they also need printed copies, and even want printed copies rather than converted cash. This may also be the main reason why the aforementioned CAI Xian first obtained a printed copy of his writings through the printout.
(B) The phenomenon of bookshop tenancy is relatively common, therefore, private tenancy will certainly refer to the price of bookshop tenancy. If the bookshop's lease is greater than one-tenth of the total selling price of the printed book, then the private lease will certainly be based on this standard, as the above example of Zhang Chao proves. Moreover, the private printboard printer is generally a bookshop owner, who is more familiar with the rental price and operation of the book shop, and it is natural to use the rental price of the book shop as a reference.
C. Private lease rates are certainly lower than private lease rates and are sometimes difficult to collect in good faith. First of all, the private carving master's pursuit of income is diversified, such as Zhang Chao is seeking fame and profit, but Zhao Yi may want to seek fame. In general, the private does not take profit as the main purpose, will not only consider the maximum profit of its book board, and the tenant board is the owner of the book, will certainly do everything possible to lower its rental price. For example, Zhang Chao "sent Dai Tian you" cloud: "There are several kinds of attached to the Taiwan government, if there are people in the province who want to print, listen to the printing, and the board head can be heard." Secondly, unlike the bookshop renters who may consider printing more, the renters of private bookboards do not print much each time, and if the rental price is higher than the rental price of the bookshop, the renters will certainly not be cost-effective and will not agree. Finally, unlike the above official and private printings, which are printed by the lessor (i.e., the printings do not have to be handed over to the lessor, so the printings are controllable and the printings can be determined), although most private printings are kept in the private sector (so the printings are also carried out in the private sector, so the printings are still controllable), some of the printings are shipped to or stored in the bookshop. In this case, the collection of private lease money is more difficult. For example, Zhang Chao "and Zhang Zisang" cloud: "That is, such as Daibao floor Wang Yuanchen collar plate printing sell... Wang Yuanchen owes board head money do not know a few." This material explains: from the Wang Yuanchen owed board money "do not know how much", board money is calculated according to the number of prints; If the bookboard is stored in a bookshop, its print runs and numbers are difficult to control.
In short, the rent of the Qing Dynasty printout should be greater than one-tenth of the total price of the printed book, while the private printout should be less than or equivalent to one-tenth of the total price of the printed book, and often with the book.
03
A surname
Although the private printout in the Qing Dynasty can not be said to be very common, there are still many, especially in Jiangnan where the book industry is developed. The above three examples prove this point. based on the above three cases and combining with the publishing history of Ming and Qing Dynasties, the author attempts to make a further study of private printing-board printing.
Other important factors driving private printing-board period
The above has summarized the important factors to achieve the lease board printing: the book industry is developed; A well-known author; The active promotion of scholars. Beyond that, there are some important factors to note.
(1) The universality of private copies. After the middle Ming Dynasty, more and more private books were engraved. He cited Japanese scholar Minoru Katsuyama's statistics, pointing out that the Ming Dynasty private edition and Fang edition accounted for 45.46% and 47.78% of all publications, respectively. A large number of private bookboards provide rich resources for the lease board printing. After the middle Ming Dynasty, the book industry entered a period of accelerated development. The development of the book industry needs a large supply of goods. However, while there are many private engravings, the number of self-prints is limited, and authors are often less active in making them available to the market. Therefore, the search and discovery of private copies by booksellers is an important driving force for private copies to enter the market. Since many private engravings are also carried out by bookshops and engraving shops, or employ the same group of engraving craftsmen, it is not difficult for bookshop owners to understand the situation of private engraving. If there is a book that can be "done", the bookstore owner will naturally try to issue it.
(2) The universality of the communication between scholars and booksellers. After the middle of Ming Dynasty, the contacts between scholars and booksellers and booksellers became more and more frequent and close, and there even appeared a phenomenon of the integration of scholars and businessmen. Most booksellers were Confucian merchants, who were both scholars and booksellers, such as Wu Mianxue, Lu Yunlong, Li Yu, Wang Qi, etc., and Zhang Chao and Wang 晫 also had some shadow of booksellers. The common communication between scholars and booksellers, and constantly promote the cooperation between scholars and businessmen, mutual service and mutual support, such as scholars for the book house contribution, publicity for the book house; Booksellers provided services for scholars to publish their works and promote their reputation, and the printout was one of the forms of cooperation.
(3) The bookstore is unwilling to impose a large number of rigid and hidden plates. Except for particularly popular books, booksellers generally do not reprint. The aforementioned Shi Chaoying went to Zhao Yi's home every year to print hundreds of his works, but he was not willing to carve a set of bookplates to print, apparently Shi's cost considerations. Commodity is the main attribute of books, so the circulation of books is mainly determined by the market. In the past, our distinction between private engraving and frank engraving was often mainly considered from the funders, and this understanding was not comprehensive. In fact, from the point of view of the market economy, books suitable for entering the market are or "should" be printed, and books not suitable for entering the market are or "should" be private. For example, best-selling books (such as reference books on imperial examinations) were printed by the bookstore, while unbest-selling books (such as the collected works of contemporary scholars) were mostly printed privately. As for the lease board printing, it can be regarded as the meeting point or critical point of the two. In other words, private publications with uncertain market prospects often enter the market by way of printout.
(4) Scholars attach importance to Tibetan plates. Unlike booksellers, scholars will find ways to pass on the longevity of their or their family's writings. Longevity of the pears and dates is an important symbol of the scholars to be handed down to the world, therefore, scholars attach importance to the rigidity and collection of plates, and even only engraved and not printed, such as the above-mentioned CAI Xian "Xianyu Xianyu Lu" engraved into the book board did not print immediately, but by the Huzhou bookseller Wu Jianqian completed the first printing of the set of bookboards. The ancient scholars' concept of Tibetan plates was so strong that they often regarded Tibetan plates as a collection of books, or even better than books, and took it as a symbol of cultural preservation, representing the important heritage of ancestors. Selling a bookboard to a bookseller or others is often considered an unworthy descendant and a sign of family decay. Therefore, private companies will not sell bookboards unless they have to. The above example of Zhao Yi can prove this to a certain extent: even if the bookseller comes to print every year, Zhao Yi has no intention of selling the plate to the other party. Therefore, even if the bookseller takes a fancy to a set of bookboards, it is not possible to buy it if you want to. In this context, the lease board printing is the best way to achieve a win-win cooperation.
In short, although private printboard printing can not be said to be very common throughout the country, it is still relatively popular in a certain area and a certain range. From the perspective of the lease board, we may have underestimated the print number of private copies, circulation channels, and also underestimated the source of the book shop.
The distinction between private and print
In the past, some of the books we have seen should obviously be private books, but there is a label of the book house, and it is generally understood that it is caused by the book house to buy board printing. However, it can be seen from the previous examination that there will not be many cases of book houses buying board printing, and the above phenomenon is more caused by board printing. Thus, the printboard helps us to distinguish which books "should" be engravings and which books "should" be private engravings, thus clarifying the tangled relationship between private engravings and engravings.
For example, except for some celebrity anthologies, there are relatively few anthologies funded by book houses. If the cover says something like "... (the name of the book) Zixing "such a mark, the book is mostly printed on the book board. Sixteen volumes of Tao Wangling's "Xie 'an Collection", the Ming Wanli thirty-ninth year (1611) Wang Yingli Zhenru Zhai engraved edition, the cover label "Jukui Lou published". Jukui floor for the Ming Wanli Nanjing book house, this book should be Jukui floor lease brush printed. Even if the cover doesn't "... (book house name) Zixing "such a mark, we can also refer to this reason to infer. For example, in the 40th year of Wanli (1612), the anthology of Zhang Taiyue's Poems published in the Tang Guoda Guangqing Hall of Sanshan Street, Jinling, should actually be the Zhang family engraving (Zhang Juzheng's son funded the engraving). Tang Guoda is the owner of Nanjing bookshop in the late Ming Dynasty, and the title of the book indicates "new engraving", which is obviously the style of the bookshop, so the book is probably printed by Guangqing Tang. For example, the Peking University Library in the Ming Dynasty Wanli Tang Guoda engraving of Mr. Liu Zhizhou's Anthology (save volume 1 to volume 8), should also be Guangqing Tang printing. The five volumes of Lin Lu's "The First Collection of the Year Cold Hall" in the early Qing Dynasty are collected by the National Library for the Chongdao Hall of Lin's family in Qiantang, and by the Hubei Provincial Library for the Zhai edition in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. In fact, after a comparison, it can be seen that the two books are printed in the same edition, and the latter is printed on the board of the workshop.
An important sign of the popularity of scholars' writings - the lease board printing
Most of the writings of the Ming and Qing scholars were published in private, and the highest expectation of the scholars for their writings was "action and biography" (such expectation is often expressed in the preface). The problem of "transmission" is more complicated, and has little to do with this paper, so here I mainly want to talk about the problem of "line". So how do you judge whether a private work is "done"? In the past, scholars considered more from the universality of communication, but if it is only understood in this way, then private authors can use their own financial resources to print a large number of books for distribution. In fact, private writings were often used as communication gifts in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but the number and spread of books as gifts were very limited. The real "line" should have a consensus at that time, that is, whether the bookseller accepts it. If the bookseller accepts it, that's a real "yes." This phenomenon is better understood in the modern market economy: if your book is "line", the bookseller will take the initiative to contact you to publish and give you the corresponding remuneration; If it is not "line", it is probably only their own money to print. If we use this standard to measure private writings in the Ming and Qing dynasties, we will find that the works that were really popular were those that were accepted by booksellers, such as the collected works of Li Mengyang, Tang Shunzhi, Wang 穉 Deng, Yuan Zhongdao, and Yuan Mei, which were indeed printed by many bookshops at that time. But this is limited after all, more private writings can only hope to be accepted by booksellers through the way of printout, so as to achieve the goal of "line".
Original title: "Zhang Sheng, the Phenomenon of Private book Board Printing in the Qing Dynasty"
